Wednesday 27 April 2011

 Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically”
 “To add to mans knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research"(Theodor son and Theodor son 1969)
 Research is a systematic process of discovery and advancement of human knowledge"
 "Systematic organization towards increasing the sum of knowledge” (Cambridge 20th Edition
 "Careful study or investigation, in order to discover new fact or information" (oxford Dictionary)
 “a process of careful and systematic inquiry " or
 Systematic work is called science"
What is Scientific Research
The combination of deductive and inductive method is called scientific Research”
Cafe”
c—complexity Smart
A:access S---specific
F:facility M-- measurable
E: expertise A-- avoidable
T—time bound
Descriptive Research:
“Descriptive research describes a particular phenomenon, focusing upon the issue of what is happening , rather than why it is happening”.
Types:
Exploratory Research: to find out uncovered issue
Exploratory research takes place when there is little or no previous knowledge about a problem or phenomenon >
Explanatory Research:
This type of Research involves in Explaining why something happens.
Types of Research “
Deductive:
When we come to the result General to Specific. is called deductive
Inductive:
When we come from Specific to General
Experimental Research:
In which tow variables use dependent and independent is called experimental. In experimental research the researcher can manipulate Treatments to cause things to happen.
I.e. cause and effect situation can be established
What is difference?
Applied: applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem or provide a solution to particular question.
Basic:
Basic research is done for the sake of gaining the knowledge.
Benefits/significance:
\why undertakes the Research:
 To upgrade knowledge
 Investigate some existing situations or problems.
 Provide solutions to a problem
 Explore and analyze more general issues.
 To construct or create a new procedure or system.
 To explain a new phenomenon.
 A combination of two or more of above.
Steps of The Scientific Method:
1. Selection of Topic
2. Reviewing the Literature.
3. Development of theoretical and Conceptual Framework.
4. Clarifications of Research Question/ Hypothes
5. Research Design
6. Data collection
7. Data analysis
8. Drawing Conclusions.
9. Popular issue
10. Your own personal interest
11. Social concern.

Qualities of Research Topic:
Area of interest must be seen .
Ethics must not be violated .
The topic must be testable.
Must have relevant literature. About the topic
You must need the qualified person.
You must have the resources
You must have the tools.
You must have enough time.
Sources:
Net, library, media, society, discussions, books, journals.
Researcher’s qualities:
Have time
Have good knowledge.
Personal interest.
An honest person.
Courage.
Can use tools and techniques.
Concepts:
Concepts are general expressions of particular phenomenon “
A concept is the relationship between the word and idea.
“an idea or a principle that is connected with terms.
Primitive Term:
These cannot be described to because using other terms
Example: Stone, hope.
Derived Term:
These can be described by the use of primitive terms.
Example: Group, business, organisation.
Car—primitive
Meeting –primitive
Railway line—derived
Doctor— primitive.
Neighborhood—derived
Abstract Conepts are those concepts that are completely independent on a specific time or place”
Concreate Concepts :
“If a concept is specific to a particular time or place, then it considered concrete.
Parameters:
Are defined in the boudries are called parameters. It value can be changed.





Scales:
Nominal scale
Orinal scale.
Interval scale.
Ratio Scale
Nominal scale:
“ a nominal scale is used to name or label things or categories. “
Ordinal Scale:
“an ordinal scale orders or rank thing.
Interval Scale:
Numbers represents equal units b/w measurements.
It is possible to say that how much better one may than other. There is no true zero point.
Ratio Scales:
“a ratio scale is an interval scale
Constants:
“Those Values which cannot be changed during research process are called constants”
Or
“a constant is a characteristic or a condition that is the same for all the observed units or subject of study.
It is same for all the observed units.
School, Team, Coach Play ground. Be constants.
Variables:
Often changing, likely to change”
Or”
“These things which can be changed during the research process are called variables”.
Or

“Qualities properties, or characteristics a person, thing or situations that are manipulated or measured in research.
Variable=measured + varies.
Types of Variables:
Independent Variable. (x)
Dependent variable. (y)
Discrete and continuous variable.
Quantitative Variable.
Active Variable.
Assigned Variable.
Extraneous Variable.
Independent Variable: ]
Those values which are chosen or set by the Researcher are called independent variables. (Teaching method).
Dependent Variables:
The variables whose values you observed and record in in experimental design is called the dependent variables. (Students performance)
Extraneous Variable:
“Extraneous Variable are those which may effect qualities
ex: love, bad sad,
Quantitive Variable:
are those which are measured through the values.
Example: Distance, speed, temperature, weight, pulse rate,
Hypothesis :
the hypothesis is the expected result.
the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment.
an educated guess is called hypothesis .
It is a statement or sentence of about you not sure it is true or false.
A hypothesis is suggested explanantion

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